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Dear students, welcome to this
academic year 2023-2024.

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I'm going to start with a short
presentation of myself.

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My name is Moustafa Traore.

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I have been teaching here at Assas
University for many years now.

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We are going to be working together
for the whole academic year.

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For the first semester,
we will have 10 weeks,

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10 sessions.

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It is a new experience learning online.

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I think that you did it last year.

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We carry on with the same system
this year.

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So we will have 10 sessions and
every Monday at 11 a.m.

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I will be posting a new lesson.

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The lessons will be composed of videos,
text, exercises, and of course

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you have the forum that you can
use to communicate with me,

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ask me questions if necessary.

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We will be giving you homework
and I expect you to hand back the

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homework to me on Sunday before
midnight.

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You will have roughly 13 days,
14 days to do your homework and

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send them back to me before midnight
on Sunday.

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So it is a new experience.

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It is very beneficial if we are
dedicated to it, if we work regularly,

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and if you do the exercises you
are asked to do.

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I'm going to start with a short
introduction regarding media.

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I would like us to reflect on what
the term media means,

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what is behind it, and what we have,
all the concepts, all the notions

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we have to master.

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The first one is, when we hear the
term media, we have to understand

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that it has to do with spreading
information, the spreading of

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information.

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Very often people speak of the
fourth state, the fourth power.

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Some even speak now of the fifth
power with the appearance of the

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internet.

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So what we can notice is that there
is a correlation between technological

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innovation and the media,
which means that whenever in history

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you had a new technological innovation,

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there was an impact on the media.

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There was an impact on the way
people communicated, the way people

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spread information.

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The first one is, we can consider
as a landmark, is the invention

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of the printing press with Johannes
Gutenberg in 1450.

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He was a German and he is said
to be at the origin of the invention

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of the printing press.

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A second landmark is 1830 with
Samuel Morse who developed the

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telegraph.

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Here again, the telegraph will
have an impact on the way we spread

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information, using Morse.

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And then later, same thing in 1876
with Alexander Graham Bell who

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is said to have invented the telephone.

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Later we have Hertz and in 1884

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we have Paul Nipko who invented

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the system of television.

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Computers, which was created or

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invented more recently,
was invented by Witton Cerf and Bob Khan.

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The two of them are said to be
the inventors of the system of internet

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we use today.

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So first thing I would like you
to understand is the correlation,

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the strong correlation,
there is between technological

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innovation and the media.

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That's the first aspect.

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Now, other aspects we have to think of.

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One of them is business.

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When we speak of media it is also
business and this is what explains

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the reason why some of you have
decided to study this subject.

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If you speak of spreading information,
how do you make money through the

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spreading of information?

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Because business is involved,
ethic will also be involved.

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And this is when we have topics
like fake news and so on.

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And this is something that we are
going to be looking at for this

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semester.

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So in old days spreading the news
you could get or you could be paid

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just by informing people in society.

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But now with the technological
innovation it's very hard to live

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on just spreading news or spreading
information.

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Now other elements you have to add.

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Commercial elements,
ads and so on.

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And we are going to have a look
at the impact of all this in the

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system.

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One thing we have to think of is
1987 with the repeal of the fairness

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doctrine because this is going
to bring an obvious change which

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means that from 1987 those spreading

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the information will not have the
obligation to support or to defend

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both sides.

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And this is when in the political
system you will have people spreading

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information that is less impartial.

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Another thing I would like you

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to think of is with the appearance
of some new forms of media.

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You also have the, let's say, the
disappearance of other forms of

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communication.

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Think about the impact television
had on the radio.

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The radio was in the first half
of the 20th century the main tool

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through which people used to get
informed with of course newspapers.

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Now with the internet with television, it seems that people are more informed 

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Through the news they watch on tv and through the information
they get on the internet.

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And other points we are going to
see this semester is the impact

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that the internet had on society
and on spreading the news.

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We have here a strong opposition
between mass media, what we call

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mass media, and social media who

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says mass media and social media
also says an opposition between

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real information and fake news.

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And we are going to start working on this subject for this academic

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year looking at the landmarks in

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journalism after mentioning the
impact that technological innovation

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had on the media.

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I would like to add another thing
another let's say, yes another

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notion or let's say yes another
thing that had an impact on the media.

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This is international politics.

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There is a correlation between
international politics, and here

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I'm referring to the Cold War and
how this was translated in the

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mass media.

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And this is what we are going to
see next week.